There are several other methods of producing carbon materials. One of the highest surface area carbons that are also electrically conductive is monolayer graphene, although its production is currently too expensive for widespread commercialization. Some specialty carbons such as Ketjenblack and VULCAN XC-72 are used because they have both high surface area and high electrical conductivity properties. (6) Currently, there is a need for graphene-like carbons that have regular porous structures, high surface areas, and high electrical conductivities. (4) Graphene is then commonly investigated as an energy storage material for lithium-ion batteries, (5) fuel cells, and supercapacitors. (3) Graphene can also significantly enhance the mechanical strength of concrete. has reported production of car parts from graphene–polyurethane foam and is purchasing graphene at acost of ∼$64 000/ton of graphene. (1) Graphene has also been used as photovoltaics, catalyst supports, adsorbents, sensors, consumer products, coatings, additives, lubricants, electronics, and much more.

This includes energy storage, illumination, bioimaging, sensors, electronics, conductive inks, and various consumer products. The potential uses of graphene are broad and have been applied to many scientific fields. Calcium-based materials were then used as catalysts for the growth of other graphene-like carbons. Multiple reaction conditions, a scaled reaction (300 g), and catalyst recyclability were investigated. Crumpled carbon, hollow nanospheres, bamboo-like carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and graphene fiber morphologies were all formed using calcium-based catalysts. Several deposition times, steam concentration, and catalyst morphology were tested to synthesize a variety of carbon morphologies from calcium-based materials.

A unique mechanism for the catalytic process involving calcium acetylide is proposed. Additionally, the significance and origin of the C 1s X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) π–π* plasmon loss peak as it is related to high electrical conductivity is reported. The crumpled carbon resulted in a high surface area of 1276 m 2/g and high electrical conductivity (>10 5 S/m). Acetylene, steam, and calcium hydroxide are used to grow a crumpled carbon morphology. The chemical vapor deposition conditions to grow graphitic carbon on a calcium hydroxide catalyst are reported. This work highlights the production of graphene-like carbon structures from calcium hydroxide.

The development of inexpensive and environmentally friendly graphene-like carbon is critical for its integration into industrial products.

Asymmetric shape of sp2-c xps peak